California waa gobol kala duwanaan badan ka jirto, si weyna u go’aamiya siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha Mareykanka, laguna tilmaamo midka ugu miisaanka culus gobollada USA.
California waa mid ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ee dalka Mareykanka, waana gobolka ugu dadka badan. Waxaana loo yaqaan “The Golden State”, maadaama gobolkan laga helay xaddi badan oo dahab ah sanadkii 1848.
Waa gobol leh xeeb aad u dheer oo dhinaca badda Pacific-ga ah, buuro dhaadheer sida Sierra Nevada, dooxooyin cagaaran, iyo saxare kulul sida lama degaanka Mojave (Mohaavi).
Gobolkani waxaa ku yaalla qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka uu dalka Mareykanka ku faano sida:
- Los Angeles – Xarunta shirkadda filimada Hollywood.
- San Francisco – Magaalada caanka ku ah biriijka ama buundada loo yaqaan Golden Gate.
- San Diego – Magaalo xeebeed ku dhow xadka Mexico.
- Sacramento – Oo ah xarunta ama caasimadda gobolka California.
Kahor inta aysan reer Yurub gaarin America, waxaa California ku noolaa qabiillooyin badan oo Native American ah (dadka asal ahaan u leh dhulka Mareykanka). Waxaana ka mid ah qabiillooyinka asalka ah ee gobolkan loogu yimid: Chumash, Miwok, Pomo, Maidu, Ohlone, iyo kuwa kale. Waxayna ahaayeen beeraley iyo kalluumaysato, dhaqan iyo luuqado u gaar ah leh.
Markii ugu horreysay ee dad reer Yurub ah ay gaareen dhulka gobolkan waxay ahayd sanadkii 1542, markaas oo uu gaaray badmareenkii Spain u shaqeynayay ee lagu magacaabayay Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. Gumeystaha Isbaanishka wuxuu dhulkan saldhigay sanadkii 1769, markaas oo la dhisay xarumo diimeed (missions) oo Catholic ah si dadka deegaanka looga dhigo kuwa Kirishtaan ah. Waxayna markaasi California hoos tagtay gumeystihii Spain, gaar ahaan mustacmaradii “New Spain” ee Madrid looga talinayay.
New Spain wuxuu ahaa gobol weyn oo gumeysi ah oo ay dhistay boqortooyadii Spain markii ay qabsatay qaar ka mid ah dhulalka Ameerika. Dhulka uu gobolkan ka koobnaana maanta waa: dhammaan dhulka Mexico; qaybo ka mid ah Mareykanka koonfurtiisa sida (California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, Utah); dhulal ka mid ah Central America; iyo jaziirado ka tirsan Caribbean sida Cuba.
Sanadkii 1821, Mexico waxay xoriyada ka qaadatay Spain, markaasna California waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah Mexico. Markay Mexico talada la wareegtay, waxay xirtay xarumihii diinta Kirishtaanka laga faafinayay, waxayna dhulkaas oo aad u weynaa la siiyay qoysas reer Mexico ah oo taageersanaa dowladda cusub. Waxayna heleen dhul aad u ballaaran oo beer tacabka ku wacan. Waxaana dhulkan asal ahaan laga qaaday dadka asalka ah ee America; kuwa lagu wareejiyayna waxay noqdeen kuwa dhaqaale xooggan leh, gobolkana si weyn uga dhex muuqda. Waxaana dhulka loo siiyay si deeq ah, waxaana loo yaqaanay arrinkaas land grants.
1846 waxaa bilowday dagaal u dhexeeyay Mareykanka iyo Mexico kaasoo socday ilaa 1848. Dagaalkan waxaa ku guuleystay Mareykanka, waxayna Mexico dagaalkan ku weysay dhul ballaaran oo maanta Mareykanka ka tirsan sida: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada iyo qayb ka mid ah Colorado.
Gobolka California isbeddel weyn oo dhaqaale ayuu u jiheystay 24-January, 1848, markaas oo meel ku taalla waqooyiga gobolkan laga helay dahab. Nin la yiraahdo James W. Marshall oo ka shaqeynayay meel biyo-mareen ah ayaa si kadis ah u helay dahab. Kolkii hore waxaa la rabay in warkan la qariyo balse waa uu faafay, ka dibna kumannaan qof ayaa u soo guuray California iyagoo rajeynayay inay helaan dahab si ay u taajiraan.
Gobolku wuxuu galay xaalad loo yaqaan Gold Rush. Dad fara badan ayaana ka yimid gobollada kale ee Mareykanka; sidoo kale dadku waxay ka soo guureen Yurub, Latin America, Australia iyo Shiinaha. Waxaana dadka dahabka la helay dartiis California usoo degay loo yaqaan Forty-Niners, ama Afartan iyo Sagaalayaasha, oo sanadkii ay buuqa ugu badan abuureen wuxuu ahaa 1849.
Dhacdada dahabka ee Gold Rush-ka California waxay socotay (1848–1855), waxaana markaasi kobcay magaalooyin badan, sida San Francisco oo tuulo kalluumeysi ahayd, noqotayna magaalo weyn oo mashquul ah. Sidoo kale ganacsiga gobolka ayaa kobcay. Dadka California ku noolaa oo ahaa 14 kun ayaana gaaray 300,000 oo qof waliba 7 sano gudahood.
Qof walba oo dahabka dartiis u yimid gobolkan ma uusan gaarin yoolkiisa; dad badan waxay noqdeen sabool ama shaqaale la dulmiyo. Waxayna dadka Shiinaha iyo Mexico ka yimid la kulmeen cunsuriyad iyo rabshado iyaga ka dhan ah.
Intii lagu guda jiray Dhacdada dahabka ee Gold Rush, gaar ahaan sanadkii 1850, California waxay si rasmi ah u noqotay gobolka 31-aad ee dalka Mareykanka. Waxayna tani timid ka dib markii ay California sameysay kobac dhaqaale iyo koror dadweyne.
Markii California la rabay in lagu daro gobollada Mareykanka (sanadkii 1850), dalka waxaa ka jiray khilaaf weyn oo ku saabsan dadkii la addoonsanayay – yaa oggol, yaase diidan in dadka madow la addoonsado?
- Gobollada Koonfureed: Waxay oggolaayeen in dadka madow la addoonsado, dhaqaalahooduna wuxuu si weyn ugu tiirsanaa dhanka beeraha iyo shaqada ay qaban jireen dadka la addoonsanayay.
- Gobollada Waqooyi: Intooda badan way diidanaayeen addoonsiga, waxayna taageersanaayeen xorriyadda dadka madow.
Hadaba marka gobol cusub lagu darayo gobollada dalka waxaa la weydiin jiray dhanka uu jiro: ma addoonsiga ayuu diiddan yahay mise waa uu oggolyahay? Waxayna tani ahayd arrin aad u weyn sababtoo ah haddii gobol cusub uu oggolaado addoonsiga, Koonfur baa xoog helaysay. Haddii uu diidana, Waqooyi baa siyaasad ahaan guushu raacaysay.
Iyadoo dooddaasi kulul jirto, California waxay dooratay in aysan oggolaan addoonsiga, waxayna sidaas darteed noqotay California gobol xor ah ama Free State. Waxayna tani ka dhignayd in aan California laga oggolayn in la addoonsado dadka madow.
Marka dahabka laga yimaado, arrimaha kale ee California kobaca xooggan ku sameysay waxaa ka mid ah waddadii tareenka ee Transcontinental Railroad taasoo la dhisay 1869. Waxay ahayd waddadii ugu horreysay ee tareen ee isku xirta xeebta bari ilaa xeebta galbeed ee Mareykanka.
Gobolka California waa mid si weyn ugu suntan Dhaqdhaqaaqyadii Xuquuqda Madaniga ah (1950s–1960s). Los Angeles iyo magaalooyin kale waxay noqdeen meelaha ugu firfircoon ee lagu baadi-goobay xuquuqda dadka madow, dadka Latin-ka ah, iyo shaqaalaha beeraleyda ah ee asal ahaan kasoo jeeda Mexico. Waxaana 1965 ka dhacay dibadbaxyo xooggan oo gobolka gilgilay, taariikhda Mareykankana ku daabacan.
Sanadaha kale ee la xusi karo ee gobolkan uu kacdoonka ka curtay waxaa ka mid ah sanadkii 1992, markaas oo Los Angeles ay ka dhaceen rabshado aad u ba’an oo dhashay ka dib markii boolisku ay si xun u jirdileen nin madow ah oo lagu magacaabayay (Rodney King). Waxaana rabshadahaasi ku dhintay in ka badan 60 qof.
Sanadihii dambe, marar badan ayuu gobolkan qaabilay mudaaharaadyo waaweyn – sida dhaqdhaqaaqii Black Lives Matter sanadkii 2020 iyo kuwa kale oo la xiriira cunsuriyadda, dhaqaalaha, deegaanka, iyo xuquuqda dadka soo-galootiga ah ee aan sharciga haysan. Waxaana sanadkaan 2025 gobolkaan ka dhacay rabshado xooggan ka dib markii ay ciidamada socdaalka iyo kastammada ee ICE ay bilaabeen inay jeebeeyaan dadka soo-galootiga ah ee aan sharciga lahayn. Waxayna hawlgallada si gaar ah uga bilaabeen una beegsadeen goobaha ay ku badan yihiin dadka Latin-ka ah.
Maanta, California waxaa ku nool ilaa 40 milyan oo qof. Waa gobolka ugu dadka badan Mareykanka. Waana gobolka haysta cododka ugu badan ee go’aamiya doorashada Mareykanka ee Electoral College, wuxuuna haystaa 55 cod oo Electoral College ah. Waxaana gobolkan si weyn ugu xooggan oo uu inta badan taageeraa xisbiga Dimuquraadiga.
California waa gobolka ugu weyn Mareykanka dhaqaale ahaan, wuxuuna gobolkan leeyahay GDP gaaraya $4.10–4.17 tiriliyan oo doollar. Wuxuuna ka dhaqaale badan yahay dalal waaweyn; sida ay hay’adda lacagta adduunka (IMF) ay dhowaan sheegtayna California waxay ka dhaqaale badan tahay dalka Japan. Taasi oo la macno ah in gobolka California haddii uu dal ahaan lahaa uu noqon lahaa midka afaraad ee dunida ugu dhaqaalaha badan.
Marka la isbarbardhigo dhaqaale ahaan guud ahaan dalalka Africa iyo gobolka California, waxaa dhaqaale badan gobolka California, waana wax aad u kala fog marka la eego baaxadda dhuleed iyo dadeed ee u dhaxeysa.
California waa hal gobol oo ku yaal Mareykanka, balse: Waa xarunta tiknoolajiyadda dunida, waxaana laga helaa halka caanka ah ee loo yaqaan Silicon Valley oo ah xarunta ugu weyn ee shirkadaha tignoolajiyada sida Apple, Google, iyo Meta.
Mararka qaar waxaa gobolkan ka jira guux ku saabsan in California noqoto dal madax-bannaan kana go’do Mareykanka. Dad badan ayaana ku dooda in gobolku bixiyo canshuur aad u badan, balse uusan helin adeegyo u dhigma. Waxaa jira olole la yiraahdo Calexit (California Exit), oo lagu rabo in gobolku kaga baxo Midowga Mareykanka, laakiin qorshahaas wuu mid u eg fashil maadaama uu waayay dad badan oo taageera.
California waxay aad ugu janjeertaa fikirka progressive (xorriyada bulsho, deegaanka, iyo xuquuqda muhaajiriinta), halka dowladda dhexe ee Mareykanka mararka qaar ay u leexato fikirka conservative.
California waa gobolka ugu dhaqaalaha weyn Mareykanka, waana midka ugu muhiimsan dhanka siyaasadda.
